Did You Know That A Physicist (Boltzmann) Has His Equation Engraved On His Tombstone? What Is Physics,

Oh no, we just couldn’t have that now, could we?

Let’s say your matrilineal line is fairly consistent and everyone has their daughter at 25. So four women in your matrilineal line are born every hundred years. In a thousand years, that’s only 40 women. Like the math is so simple and yet ? You don’t think about it. So in 2000 years, 80 women. So basically, 0 AD started roughly about 80 mothers ago. That’s it.

The Attic Room, 1918

William Ratcliffe (British, 1870 - 1955)

not a wave nor a particle but a secret third thing

Ok I know this isn't what I usually reblog but yeah I'm still bitter

fuck you education system for making it seem like physics is a terrible subject

As always Leigh delivering the most beautiful books

I have to say it's a lot bigger than I expected! I ordered from indigo so I got the bonus content and a poster too! I think I'll have to reread King of Scars because I don't remember anything but Hanne selective memory I guess

You said you could talk all day about Welsh castles. Handily enough, I brought a pen and paper to this lecture, so Imma pull up a chair and wait patiently for it to start. :D

this is SUCH an exciting ask thank you SO MUCH for letting me talk about castles. okay im gonna talk about my favourites

Caernarfon

built as residence after edward 1st conquered wales in 1282, after he killed Prince of Wales Llywelyn ap Gruffudd.

edward sought to consolidate power and conquer independent Wales, and built the "iron ring of castles"

caernarfon castle was built in 5 years and was primarily built for 🌟 show 🌟 so edward could basically show how much money he had and how powerful he was

he liked roman history and built the towers with colourful stone, reminiscent of constantinople. the colour has since faded tho

however! just because it was built to show how extra edward was, it was also defensive. the only entrance are the 2 gatehouses, the queen's gate being at the shore for supplies and the kings gate

the kings gate was fearsome and built with holes to pour oil and boiling water down on attackers (also known as "murder holes")

if you survived that, you'd have 4 doors and 5 portcullises to deal with

the castle was briefly seized by a welsh revolution led by my man Madog ap Llywelyn in 1294, but taken back by troops later.

the welsh were deeply angry about Edward and how he conquered wales and killed the Prince. we hate being conquered

it was challenged again in 1403 + 1404 by national treasure Owain Glyndwr but he didn't manage to take it.

it was built on the docks and caernarfon is a walled town so its really very useful for defence.

Conwy

one of eddie boys iron ring of castles, finished construction in 1287 on conwy River

intended to be a mirror of the now ruined Deganwy castle

this was built purely for defence. its pretty much impregnable, due to its steep walls and the fact its on the river so you'd see an army coming a mile off. the bridge was the only way to march over

it was mainly a garrison town. the english kicked the welsh people out of most of the iron rings towns and made it illegal for us to live there. theres an old law thats never been struck out that you can still shoot a welsh man with an arrow off the walls if theyre in the towns. that's right folks, it was illegal for us to be in our own country.

it had 8 towers and 2 barbicans

it was attacked by Madogs rebellion the same time as caernarfon castle but they didn't take it

it fell into disuse but was hastily reactivated during the civil war in 1642

in 1646 it was besieged and ultimately surrendered

Deganwy

there aren't many images due to the fact it's in complete ruins but here's a digital reconstruction

this site has a lot of history due to its highly naturally defensible position. evidence of prehistoric, iron age and Romano-British forts

situated on volcanic rock, and possibly the seat of Maelgwyn Gwynedd, circa 520-547

in AD812, it was damaged by lightning, then in AD822, what was left was destroyed by saxon invaders

robert of Rhuddlan rebuilt it in 1080. the history is vague and murky after this but it was in Welsh hands by 1191

in 1211, Llywelyn ap Iorwerth rebelled against king John, who previously let Llywelyn keep the castle. the castle was pre-emptively destroyed by the welsh to prevent it from falling into English hands (as I said, an enviably defensible position). Llywelyn rebuilt it again by 1228, THEN pre-emptively destroyed again

1245-54, Henry 3rd built it into a medieval fortification, but it was captured by Llywelyn ap Gruffudd.

along came edward 1st and he built conwy castle instead, Deganwy fell to ruins

nowadays, you can visit the few ruins, but apparently you have to be careful because the history is so rich and long and bloody you might accidentally come across human bones

Gwyrch

while beautiful, the castle itself is actually pretty new. it was built between 1810-1825 by Lloyd Hesketh, to honour his wife and their ancestors. (forget a wedding ring, build me a castle as a romantic gesture)

the aforementioned ancestors were the Llwyds (anglicised as lloyd) of Plas yn y Gwyrch. gwyrch was their ancestral home. situated in the castle estate are 2 iron age hillforts, a roman shrine, lead and silver mines, and medieval battle sites. the reason I include this castle is because of the surrounding history.

built directly on the coast, nestled into a huge hill, with a watchtower, very hard to capture. the watchtower is further along the hill and would give fair warning via flaming arrow if an army was coming.

during the WW2, it was home to 200 odd Jewish refugees

was abandoned was was renovated and then became the film site for im a celebrity

Beaumaris

another one of the colonisers iron ring castles, built in 1295

edward built it on an entirely new site, and is known as one of Britain's most sophisticated medieval military structures

almost geometric symmetry

practically impregnable due to the defences shown in the image. high inner defences with low circuit walls

ironically it saw very little action till the civil war and the construction wasn't completed

the first line of defence is an 18ft wide moat, and the dock is protected by a shooting deck

the sea gate had murder holes

if you managed to get through that gate, you'd be faced with 11 obstacles, including a barbican, more murder holes, 3 portcullises and several sets of doors. you had to get through this while dealing with arrow fire and boiling oil from all directions.

Once you get in, there's 6 massive interior towers, and then you're dead

Abergavenny

built in 1087 to the traditional motte and bailey configuration

it was initially timber but was rebuilt with stone at around 1100

by 1175, the castle was in the hands of William de Braose, who wanted to defeat his welsh rival, Seisyll ap Dyfnwal. he invited Seisyll to the castle along with several prominent Welsh men who opposed saxon rule, to propose reconciliation. the men and their armies were brutally massacred once inside the Great Hall. I think I read somewhere it was inspiration for the Red Wedding in game of thrones.

in 1182, Hywel ap Iorwerth of Caerleon attacked and severely damaged the castle

several rebuilds, most notable addition in the 1400s which was the barbican gatehouse. this was placed to defend against our Lord and saviour Owain Glyndwr and his epic rebellion

known as a very very very difficult castle to penetrate

Denbigh

another of edwards iron ring castles, built in 1282

walled town, colonised and populated by the english after booting the welsh out

naturally defensible position

the work wasn't completed in 1294 when Madog ap Llywelyn seized it

the castle kinda passed hands until the 14th century when it came into the possession of the mortimer family

it was attacked during the wars of the Roses and the town was burned

held by royalists in the civil war but taken in 1646 after a parliamentary siege

seized again by royalists in 1659 and they lay waste to the towers and walls of the castle

the town lay pretty much abandoned until the 19th century

the castle has 3 octagonal towers at the gatehouse, which was constructed of impressive decorative stonework to symbolise Royal authority

it also has 8 mural towers, barbicans and defensive terraces to protect it

I've hit the image limit and I can't think of other favourites rn but if I remember ill reblog and add!! thank you so much for letting me talk about welsh castles theyre a special interest of mine i hope u enjoyed