Astronomers think they have found a galaxy that existed just 300 million years after the big bang. The galaxy named HD1 is so old, it likely only exists of what are known as population iii stars, the very first stars that ever came into existence, made of mostly hydrogen, helium and a small amount of beryllium and lithium.
We have never seen any population iii stars, and according to the theories of the early universe, most of these stars would have been colossal blue giant stars that wouldn't have lived very long at all, a few million years at most before going supernova and collapsing into black holes.
One thing that really stands out about this galaxy is it's unusually powerful in ultra violet light, a common feature of massive blue giant stars, but the amount seen in this galaxy may indicate the presence of a supermassive black hole behaving as a quasar, if this is correct, it will be the earliest example of a blackhole too.
If supermassive black holes were present just 300 million years after the big bang, it may be evidence that black holes were being created much earlier than previously thought.
The next step is to turn the James Webb Telescope towards it, and while it is more focused on the Infra Red, it will be able to resolve much more detail than Hubble, and maybe begin to see if indeed, this was a Qasar just 300 million years into the Universe's existence, or if the galaxy was producing far more stars than even the most prolific starburst galaxy would do today.
Source : https://astronomy.com/news/2022/04/researchers-discover-the-most-distant-galaxy-yet
Writing Tips
Descriptions in Between Dialogue
✧
⤠ how characters interact with the environment
⇝ moving something, picking something up, looking somewhere
⤠ how the environment interacts with the characters
⇝ weather, other character’s actions or movements
⤠ gestures
⇝ facial expressions, body language
⤠ shifts in position
⇝ standing, sitting, leaning, shifting weight, crossing arms/legs
⤠ physical reactions
⇝ body temperature, fidgeting, heart rate, character quirks
⤠ environmental descriptions
⇝ descriptions using the five senses, setting, character’s appearances
⤠ internal dialogue
⇝ emotional reaction to what was said, reflection of past experiences, connections to other characters/settings/actions
➵ I want to reiterate… descriptions using the five senses ; when in doubt, think of the five senses your character is experiencing and pick what best moves the story forward
a friend of mine was having trouble with a character of hers, he was middle-aged but looked too young, so she came to me for help. i'm something of a middle-aged-man-fan so i whipped up this quick thing to help her out. it might be useful to somebody out there so i'll share it here too!
HOW DO YOU SHADE THE GOLD PARTSS???? PSLSPSLPSLPSLS
You don't have to take my word as gospel but these are the things I found that work well: ♡
(Please excuse grammatical errors I wrote this with a headache-...)
In my personal experience and process with gold, I find that these few things help me a lot when tackling it:
-whenever you approach gold it's important to asses the medium in which the material presents itself. The two options are the metal itself and any type of golden fabric.
-the shading process for me begins right from the sketch, when mapping out the gold accessory, object or the accent on a piece of clothing I try to get the shape of it to make sense.
It's most important, with golden fabric, to know and imagine how it falls arround and wraps arround a silhouette or body parts, if you want to figure out shading.
-So, when we speak "golden clothing" it revolves arround very sharp shadows, lights and reflections mainly becouse of fabric wrinkles. Golden clothing is pretty easy once you understand the nature of your material-☆
And the rules apply to any other colour!
Original Yellow hue
♡Same rules apply♡
So if you want you can structure your lights and shadows in black, white and grey! It works well to start off if you're not confident with colours as gold can be tricky in that regard...
GREYSCALE- can help you better understand the intensity of lights and shadows in contrast with one another:
You can then focus on colour later after you set up your values.
You'll notice with gold pieces that are much less clothing and much more metal the shadows alter from soft to sharp depending on the physical structure of the object itself.
If you encounter smooth curves it's soft, when it's sudden cuts or edges it's sharp.
Important to keep in mind:
-Gold is a metal = metals are REFLECTIVE.
Metals will reflect light aswell as colours.
They will especially reflect ☆colorful lights.☆
You must always, always, know where the light source is, and how it hits the object/ material.
-Nix🌙
i made my first infographic on a topic ive been very interested in lately: wings! ive seen a lot of anatomical sins relating to wings lately (i am not exempt from this) particuarly involving pterosaurs so i put this together to help artists who may be struggling with drawing wings. enjoy. i am also open to criticism on anatomy or errors
IC 342: Hidden Galaxy
"IC 342 is a challenging cosmic target. Although it is bright, the galaxy sits near the equator of the Milky Way’s galactic disk, where the sky is thick with glowing cosmic gas, bright stars, and dark, obscuring dust. In order for astronomers to see the intricate spiral structure of IC 342, they must gaze through a large amount of material contained within our own galaxy — no easy feat! As a result IC 342 is relatively difficult to spot and image, giving rise to its intriguing nickname: the “Hidden Galaxy.” Located very close (in astronomical terms) to the Milky Way, this sweeping spiral galaxy would be among the brightest in the sky were it not for its dust-obscured location. The galaxy is very active, as indicated by the range of colors visible in this NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image, depicting the very central region of the galaxy. A beautiful mixture of hot, blue star-forming regions, redder, cooler regions of gas, and dark lanes of opaque dust can be seen, all swirling together around a bright core. In 2003, astronomers confirmed this core to be a specific type of central region known as an HII nucleus — a name that indicates the presence of ionized hydrogen — that is likely to be creating many hot new stars."
Image and information from NASA.
I just reblog fun facts/tipsScience, nature, geology facts etc! + art & writing tips!
67 posts