Observing The Ozone Hole From Space: A Science Success Story
Observing the Ozone Hole from Space: A Science Success Story
Using our unique ability to view Earth from space, we are working together with NOAA to monitor an emerging success story – the shrinking ozone hole over Antarctica.
Thirty years ago, the nations of the world agreed to the landmark ‘Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.’ The Protocol limited the release of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) into the atmosphere.
Since the 1960s our scientists have worked with NOAA researchers to study the ozone layer.
We use a combination of satellite, aircraft and balloon measurements of the atmosphere.
The ozone layer acts like a sunscreen for Earth, blocking harmful ultraviolet, or UV, rays emitted by the Sun.
In 1985, scientists first reported a hole forming in the ozone layer over Antarctica. It formed over Antarctica because the Earth’s atmospheric circulation traps air over Antarctica. This air contains chlorine released from the CFCs and thus it rapidly depletes the ozone.
Because colder temperatures speed up the process of CFCs breaking up and releasing chlorine more quickly, the ozone hole fluctuates with temperature. The hole shrinks during the warmer summer months and grows larger during the southern winter. In September 2006, the ozone hole reached a record large extent.
But things have been improving in the 30 years since the Montreal Protocol. Thanks to the agreement, the concentration of CFCs in the atmosphere has been decreasing, and the ozone hole maximum has been smaller since 2006’s record.
That being said, the ozone hole still exists and fluctuates depending on temperature because CFCs have very long lifetimes. So, they still exist in our atmosphere and continue to deplete the ozone layer.
To get a view of what the ozone hole would have looked like if the world had not come to the agreement to limit CFCs, our scientists developed computer models. These show that by 2065, much of Earth would have had almost no ozone layer at all.
Luckily, the Montreal Protocol exists, and we’ve managed to save our protective ozone layer. Looking into the future, our scientists project that by 2065, the ozone hole will have returned to the same size it was thirty years ago.
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土屋太鳳って可愛いかも知れないけど顔でかくないか？
1: 名無し募集中。。。＠＼(^o^)／ 2016/04/24(日) 00:54:04.78 0.net これ (more…)
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AiKaBuガチ勢のSKE48野村実代、株価暴落におこ「合言葉は 売らないでね！ です(^^)！」
【悲報】株価暴落まる(｀・ω・´) ｜野村実代｜ブログ｜SKE48 Mobilehttp://www2.ske48.co.jp/blog/detail/id:20180114222130949 皆さん！AiKaBuで遊んでいますかー？ どうもAiKaBuガチ勢みよまるです 画像を見てください。ストップ安と続落がついています これは危機。。。！と思いきやチャンスです！！！ 今の私の株価は85000YL！今が買い時です☆ しかし。売りが7000以上も出ています(TT)誰ですか。こんなに売ったの。 おこです みんなで力を合わせてまた株価上げましょうね！ 合言葉は売らないでね！です(^^)！ 頑張りましょう♪ みなさんぜひAiKaBuで遊んでくださいね(^_-)-☆そして、私の株主様になってください！ よろしくお願いしますっ 全文はこちら (more…)
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日本語では、恋と、愛という語がある。いくらかニュアンスがちがうようだ。あるいは二つをずいぶん違ったように解したり感じたりしている人もあるだろう。外国では（私の知るヨーロッパの二三の国では）愛も恋も同じで、人を愛すという同じ言葉で物を愛すという。日本では、人を愛し、人を恋しもするが、通例物を恋すとはいわない。まれに、そういう時は、愛すと違った意味、もう少し強烈な、狂的な力がこめられているような感じである。 もっとも、恋す、という語には、いまだ所有せざるものに思いこがれるようなニュアンスもあり、愛すというと、もっと落ちついて、静かで、澄んでいて、すでに所有したものを、いつくしむような感じもある。だから恋すという語には、もとめるはげしさ、狂的な祈願がこめられているような趣きでもある。私は辞書をしらべたわけではないのだが、しかし、恋と愛の二語に歴史的な、区別され限定された意味、ニュアンスが明確に規定されているようには思われぬ。
http://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/001095/files/42851_34347.html
Sparkのドキュメントによると、DataFrameは、データの分散コレクションを「名前付きの列」に整理したもので、概念的には、リレーショナルデータベースのテーブルや、R、Pythonのデータフレームと同等だが、グラフデータ用に「高度に最適化されている」という。 GraphFrameは構造化データファイル、Apache Hiveのテーブル、外部データベース、既存のリレーショナルデータベースなど、多様なソースから構築できる。Scala、Java、Python、R向けのAPIが用意されている。 Databricksによると、GraphFramesはDataFrameが持つスケーラビリティと高いパフォーマンスの恩恵を受けており、Scalaの他、Java、Pythonでグラフデータ処理を利用するための単一のAPIを提供する。これにより、PythonとJavaから「GraphX」の全てのアルゴリズムを利用可能になった。この他、SparkのGraphXライブラリと似た一般的なグラフデータ処理をサポートする他、「幅優先探索（BFS）」や「モチーフ探索」といった新しいアルゴリズムにも対応する。 また、GraphFramesはDataFrameのデータソースを完全にサポートするので、Hadoop向けの列指向ストレージ「Parquet」形式や、JSON、CSVなど、さまざまなデータフォーマットを利用できる。 同社は公式ブログで、ソーシャルネットワークを簡単なグラフとして表現した例を用いてGraphFramesを紹介している（ユーザーが「点」、ユーザー間の関係が「辺」）。「どのユーザーが最も影響力があるか」「ユーザーAとBは知らない者同士だが、引き合わせるべきか」といった問いに対して、グラフのクエリやアルゴリズムを使って答えを出すことができるという。 この例では、ユーザー（点）は「名前」「年齢」を、ユーザー間の関係（辺）は「関係タイプ」といった属性を持つが、GraphFramesでは点と辺をDataFrameとして保存する。多くのクエリはDataFrame（またはSQL）クエリとなるため「グラフに対するクエリを簡単に表現できる」と、Databricksは説明している。 Apache Hive 2.0では「Hive-on-Spark parallel ORDER BY」が実装 Spark周辺のプロダクト開発が活性化しており、直近では、米クラウデラが開発を主導するHadoop向けSQLクエリエンジンの最新版「Apache Hive 2.0」でも、Sparkに対する並列ソート機能「Hive-on-Spark parallel ORDER BY」などが新たに実装されている。
http://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/hl?a=20160307-00000092-zdn_ait-sci
http://whats12.tumblr.com/post/8995320970/tumblrを使ってblog的なモノを書く時に便利なmarkdownという記法
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The Artemis I Mission: To the Moon and Back
The Artemis I mission was the first integrated test of the Orion spacecraft, the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket, and Exploration Ground Systems at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. We’ll use these deep space exploration systems on future Artemis missions to send astronauts to the Moon and prepare for our next giant leap: sending the first humans to Mars.
Take a visual journey through the mission, starting from launch, to lunar orbit, to splashdown.
Liftoff
The SLS rocket carrying the Orion spacecraft launched on Nov. 16, 2022, from Launch Complex 39B at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The world’s most powerful rocket performed with precision, meeting or exceeding all expectations during its debut launch on Artemis I.
"This is Your Moment"
Following the successful launch of Artemis I, Launch Director Charlie Blackwell-Thompson congratulates the launch team.
“The harder the climb, the better the view,” she said. “We showed the space coast tonight what a beautiful view it is.”
That's Us
On Orion’s first day of flight, a camera on the tip of one of Orion’s solar arrays captured this image of Earth.
Inside Orion
On the third day of the mission, Artemis I engineers activated the Callisto payload, a technology demonstration developed by Lockheed Martin, Amazon, and Cisco that tested a digital voice assistant and video conferencing capabilities in a deep space environment. In the image, Commander Moonikin Campos occupies the commander’s seat inside the spacecraft. The Moonikin is wearing an Orion Crew Survival System suit, the same spacesuit that Artemis astronauts will use during launch, entry, and other dynamic phases of their missions. Campos is also equipped with sensors that recorded acceleration and vibration data throughout the mission that will help NASA protect astronauts during Artemis II. The Moonikin was one of three “passengers” that flew aboard Orion. Two female-bodied model human torsos, called phantoms, were aboard. Zohar and Helga, named by the Israel Space Agency (ISA) and the German Aerospace Center (DLR) respectively, supported the Matroshka AstroRad Radiation Experiment (MARE), an experiment to provide data on radiation levels during lunar missions. Snoopy, wearing a mock orange spacesuit, also can be seen floating in the background. The character served as the zero-gravity indicator during the mission, providing a visual signifier that Orion is in space.
Far Side of the Moon
A portion of the far side of the Moon looms large in this image taken by a camera on the tip of one of Orion’s solar arrays on the sixth day of the mission.
First Close Approach
The Orion spacecraft captured some of the closest photos of the Moon from a spacecraft built for humans since the Apollo era — about 80 miles (128 km) above the lunar surface. This photo was taken using Orion’s optical navigational system, which captures black-and-white images of the Earth and Moon in different phases and distances.
Distant Retrograde Orbit
Orion entered a distant retrograde orbit around the Moon almost two weeks into the mission. The orbit is “distant” in the sense that it’s at a high altitude approximately 50,000 miles (80,467 km) from the surface of the Moon. Orion broke the record for farthest distance of a spacecraft designed to carry humans to deep space and safely return them to Earth, reaching a maximum distance of 268,563 miles (432,210 km).
Second Close Approach
On the 20th day of the mission, the spacecraft made its second and final close approach to the Moon flying 79.2 miles (127.5 km) above the lunar surface to harness the Moon’s gravity and accelerate for the journey back to Earth.
Cameras mounted on the crew module of the Orion spacecraft captured these views of the Moon’s surface before its return powered flyby burn.
Heading Home
After passing behind the far side of the Moon on Flight Day 20, Orion powered a flyby burn that lasted approximately 3 minutes and 27 seconds to head home. Shortly after the burn was complete, the Orion spacecraft captured these views of the Moon and Earth, which appears as a distant crescent.
Parachutes Deployed
Prior to entering the Earth’s atmosphere, Orion’s crew module separated from its service module, which is the propulsive powerhouse provided by ESA (European Space Agency). During re-entry, Orion endured temperatures about half as hot as the surface of the Sun at about 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit (2,760 degrees Celsius). Within about 20 minutes, Orion slowed from nearly 25,000 mph (40,236 kph) to about 20 mph (32 kph) for its parachute-assisted splashdown.
Splashdown
On Dec. 11, the Orion spacecraft splashed down in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California after traveling 1.4 million miles (2.3 million km) over a total of 25.5 days in space. Teams are in the process of returning Orion to Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Once at Kennedy, teams will open the hatch and unload several payloads, including Commander Moonikin Campos, the space biology experiments, Snoopy, and the official flight kit. Next, the capsule and its heat shield will undergo testing and analysis over the course of several months.
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