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Saturn V - Blog Posts
From Apollo to Commercial Crew: Get To Know Historic Launch Pad 39A
Originally built for the massive Saturn V rockets that sent astronauts on Apollo missions to the Moon, Launch Complex 39A also served as one of the two launch pads used by the space shuttle. Between Apollo, Skylab, Apollo-Soyuz and the space shuttle, this launch pad has been the starting point for many of the nation’s most challenging and inspiring missions.
In 2014, SpaceX signed a property agreement with NASA for use and operation of the launch complex for 20 years, and the company modified the facility to prepare for the processing and launch of its Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy rockets.
The SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket carrying the company’s Crew Dragon on its Demo-2 flight test to the International Space Station with NASA astronauts Robert Behnken and Douglas Hurley will lift off from the same historic site where astronauts first launched to the moon. Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida is also the site of dozens of space shuttle launches that helped build the orbital laboratory.
Launch Complexes 39A and B were constructed in the 1960s. Both launch pads have a long history of supporting launches for the Apollo and Space Shuttle Programs. Launch Pad 39A was the launch site for 11 Saturn V Apollo missions, including Apollo 11, the first Moon landing. The pad also was the launch site for 82 space shuttle missions, including STS-1, the first shuttle launch, the STS-125 final servicing mission for the Hubble Space Telescope, and STS-135, the final shuttle mission.
After the space shuttle was retired in 2011, we began the process to transform Kennedy Space Center from a historically government-only launch facility into a multi-user spaceport for both government and commercial use. On April 14, 2014, the agency signed a property agreement with SpaceX for use of the launch site for the next 20 years.
SpaceX upgraded and modified the launch pad to support its Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy rockets. The company also built a horizontal processing hangar at the base of the pad to perform final vehicle integration prior to flight. The first SpaceX launch from the pad was the company’s 10th commercial resupply services (CRS-10) mission for us. A SpaceX Falcon 9 launched a Dragon cargo spacecraft on CRS-10 on Feb. 19, 2017. The Dragon delivered about 5,500 pounds of supplies to the space station, including the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) III instrument to further study ozone in the Earth’s atmosphere. Combined with SpaceX, we’ve launched more than 100 missions from Pad 39A.
Because of our partnership with SpaceX within our agency’s Commercial Crew Program, Launch Complex 39A will once again be the site of crewed missions to the space station.
🚀 TUNE IN starting at 12:15 p.m. EDT on Wednesday, May 27 as NASA and SpaceX launch astronauts Robert Behnken and Douglas Hurley to the International Space Station aboard the Crew Dragon spacecraft: www.nasa.gov.live.
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Apollo 12: The Next Step after the Giant Leap
Launched less than four months after Apollo 11 put the first astronauts on the Moon, Apollo 12 was more than a simple encore. After being struck by lightning on launch -- to no lasting damage, fortunately -- Apollo 12 headed for a rendezvous with a spacecraft that was already on the Moon. The mission would expand the techniques used to explore the Moon and show the coordination between robotic and human exploration, both of which continue today as we get return to return astronauts to the Moon by 2024.
Launch Day
Apollo 12 lifted off at 11:22 a.m. EST, Nov. 14, 1969, from our Kennedy Space Center. Aboard the Apollo 12 spacecraft were astronauts Charles Conrad Jr., commander; Richard F. Gordon Jr., command module pilot; and Alan L. Bean, lunar module pilot.
Barely 40 seconds after liftoff, lightning struck the spacecraft. Conrad alerted Houston that the crew had lost telemetry and other data from the mission computers. As the Saturn V engines continued to push the capsule to orbit, ground controllers worked out a solution, restarting some electrical systems, and Apollo 12 headed toward the Moon.
Cameras at the Kennedy Space Center captured this image of the same lightning bolt that struck Apollo 12 striking the mobile platform used for the launch.
On the Moon
Apollo 12 landed on the Moon on Nov. 19, and on the second moonwalk Conrad and Bean walked approximately 200 yards to the Surveyor 3 spacecraft. One of seven Surveyor spacecraft sent to land on the Moon and to gather data on the best way to land humans there, Surveyor 3 had been on the Moon for more than two years, exposed to cosmic radiation and the vacuum of space. Scientists on the ground wanted to recover parts of the spacecraft to see what effects the environment had had on it.
Apollo 12 commander Pete Conrad examines the Surveyor 3 spacecraft before removing its camera and other pieces for return to Earth. In the background is the lunar module that landed Conrad and lunar module pilot Alan Bean on the Moon.
Splashdown
Apollo 12 splashed down on Nov. 24. When Artemis returns astronauts to the Moon in 2024, it will be building on Apollo 12 as much as any of the other missions. Just as Apollo 12 had to maneuver off the standard “free return” trajectory to reach its landing site near Surveyor, Artemis missions will take advantage of the Gateway to visit a variety of lunar locations. The complementary work of Surveyor and Apollo -- a robotic mission preparing the way for a crewed mission; that crewed mission going back to the robotic mission to learn more from it -- prefigures how Artemis will take advantage of commercial lunar landers and other programs to make lunar exploration sustainable over the long term.
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5 Out-of-this-world Facts About Our Iconic Vehicle Assembly Building!
The Vehicle Assembly Building, or VAB, at our Kennedy Space Center in Florida, is the only facility where assembly of a rocket occurred that carried humans beyond low-Earth orbit and on to the Moon. For 30 years, its facilities and assets were used during the Space Shuttle Program and are now available to commercial partners as part of our agency’s plan in support of a multi-user spaceport. To celebrate the VAB’s continued contribution to humanity’s space exploration endeavors, we’ve put together five out-of-this-world facts for you!
1. It’s one of the largest buildings in the world by area, the VAB covers eight acres, is 525 feet tall and 518 feet wide.
Aerial view of the Vehicle Assembly Building with a mobile launch tower atop a crawler transporter approaching the building.
2. The VAB was constructed for the assembly of the Apollo/Saturn V Moon rocket, the largest rocket made by humans at the time.
An Apollo/Saturn V facilities Test Vehicle and Launch Umbilical Tower (LUT) atop a crawler-transporter move from the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) on the way to Pad A on May 25, 1966.
3. The building is home to the largest American flag, a 209-foot-tall, 110-foot-wide star spangled banner painted on the side of the VAB.
Workers painting the Flag on the Vehicle Assembly Building on January 2, 2007.
4. The tallest portions of the VAB are its 4 high bays. Each has a 456-foot-high door. The doors are the largest in the world and take about 45 minutes to open or close completely.
A mobile launcher, atop crawler-transporter 2, begins the move into High Bay 3 at the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) on Sept. 8, 2018.
5. After spending more than 50 years supporting our human spaceflight programs, the VAB received its first commercial tenant – Northrop Grumman Corporation – on August 16, 2019!
A model of Northrop Grumman’s OmegA launch vehicle is flanked by the U.S. flag and a flag bearing the OmegA logo during a ribbon-cutting ceremony Aug. 16 in High Bay 2 of the Vehicle Assembly Building.
Whether the rockets and spacecraft are going into Earth orbit or being sent into deep space, the VAB will have the infrastructure to prepare them for their missions.
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Rocket Fuel in Her Blood: The Story of JoAnn Morgan
As the Apollo 11 mission lifted off on the Saturn V rocket, propelling humanity to the surface of the Moon for the very first time, members of the team inside Launch Control Center watched through a window.
The room was crowded with men in white shirts and dark ties, watching attentively as the rocket thrust into the sky. But among them sat one woman, seated to the left of center in the third row in the image below. In fact, this was the only woman in the launch firing room for the Apollo 11 liftoff.
This is JoAnn Morgan, the instrumentation controller for Apollo 11. Today, this is what Morgan is most known for. But her career at NASA spanned over 45 years, and she continued to break ceiling after ceiling for women involved with the space program.
“It was just meant to be for me to be in the launching business,” she says. “I’ve got rocket fuel in my blood.”
Morgan was inspired to join the human spaceflight program when Explorer 1 was launched into space in 1958, the first satellite to do so from the United States. Explorer 1 was instrumental in discovering what has become known as the Van Allen radiation belt.
“I thought to myself, this is profound knowledge that concerns everyone on our planet,” she says. “This is an important discovery, and I want to be a part of this team. I was compelled to do it because of the new knowledge, the opportunity for new knowledge.”
The opportunity came when Morgan spotted an advertisement for two open positions with the Army Ballistic Missile Agency. The ad listed two Engineer’s Aide positions available for two students over the summer.
“Thank God it said ‘students’ and not ‘boys’” says Morgan, “otherwise I wouldn’t have applied.”
After Morgan got the position, the program was quickly rolled into a brand-new space exploration agency called NASA. Dr. Kurt Debus, the first director of Kennedy Space Center (KSC), looked at Morgan’s coursework and provided Morgan with a pathway to certification. She was later certified as a Measurement and Instrumentation Engineer and a Data Systems Engineer.
There was a seemingly infinite amount of obstacles that Morgan was forced to overcome — everything from obscene phone calls at her station to needing a security guard to clear out the men’s only restroom.
“You have to realize that everywhere I went — if I went to a procedure review, if I went to a post-test critique, almost every single part of my daily work — I’d be the only woman in the room,” reflects Morgan. “I had a sense of loneliness in a way, but on the other side of that coin, I wanted to do the best job I could.”
To be the instrumentation controller in the launch room for the Apollo 11 liftoff was as huge as a deal as it sounds. For Morgan, to be present at that pivotal point in history was ground-breaking: “It was very validating. It absolutely made my career.”
Much like the Saturn V rocket, Morgan’s career took off. She was the first NASA woman to win a Sloan Fellowship, which she used to earn a Master of Science degree in management from Stanford University in California. When she returned to NASA, she became a divisions chief of the Computer Systems division.
From there, Morgan excelled in many other roles, including deputy of Expendable Launch Vehicles, director of Payload Projects Management and director of Safety and Mission Assurance. She was one of the last two people who verified the space shuttle was ready to launch and the first woman at KSC to serve in an executive position, associate director of the center.
To this day, Morgan is still one of the most decorated women at KSC. Her numerous awards and recognitions include an achievement award for her work during the activation of Apollo Launch Complex 39, four exceptional service medals and two outstanding leadership medals. In 1995, she was inducted into the Florida Women's Hall of Fame.
After serving as the director of External Relations and Business Development, she retired from NASA in August 2003.
Today, people are reflecting on the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11, looking back on photos of the only woman in the launch firing room and remembering Morgan as an emblem of inspiration for women in STEM. However, Morgan’s takeaway message is to not look at those photos in admiration, but in determination to see those photos “depart from our culture.”
“I look at that picture of the firing room where I’m the only woman. And I hope all the pictures now that show people working on the missions to the Moon and onto Mars, in rooms like Mission Control or Launch Control or wherever — that there will always be several women. I hope that photos like the ones I’m in don’t exist anymore.”
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Okay then... how about we look at the lesser-known USA-first achievements, then?
First superheavy launch vehicle that worked and didn't blow up (Saturn V).
First reusable piloted spacecraft and the first spaceplane (X-15).
First pilot-controlled space flight (Freedom 7)
First orbital human space mission that landed with pilot still in spacecraft and thus the first complete human spaceflight by FAI definitions (Friendship 7)
First rendezvous and docking in orbit (Gemini 8 - Agena Target Vehicle)
First successful orbit of different planets (Pioneer 10 mission).
First solar orbit (Pioneer 5).
First and second and third interstellar craft (Voyager 1, Voyager 2, New Horizons).
First manned maneuvering unit (Gemini 4)
First multi person multi spacecraft mission in space (Gemini 6).
First orbital vector adjustment to pinpoint precision (Gemini 6)
First spy satellite (Corona KH-1)
First successful recovery of film from an orbiting satellite (KH-1 film return bucket)
First aerial recovery of an object returning from Earth orbit (KH-1 film return bucket)
First pinpoint landing on the Moon (Surveyor 1).
First manned orbit of the Moon (Apollo 8).
First human-crewed spaceflight to, and orbit of, another celestial object: the Moon (Apollo 11)
First rover on Mars (Sojourner)
First spacecraft to orbit Mars (Mariner 9).
First reusable orbital-class spaceplane (Space Shuttle).
First solar powered satellite (Vanguard-1)
First communications satellite (Echo 1, Telstar)
First weather satellite (TIROS)
First satellite in a polar orbit (Discoverer 1)
First geosynchronous satellite (Syncom 2)
First satellite navigation system (Transit)
First Mars flyby (Mariner 4)
First human spaceflight that escaped Earth's influence (Apollo 8)
First X-ray orbital observatory (the Einstein Observatory)
First Jupiter flyby (Pioneer 10)
First Mercury Flyby (Mariner 10)
the space race may be the funniest point in history period and i'll stand by that. the US is like "yes whoever gets into space first will prove once and for all that our economic model is superior and that we are, in general, the superior country of superior and smarter people." then the soviets just went and did it and the US freaked out and needed to cover their ass so were like "WE MEAN THE MOON, WE MEAN THE FIRST TO LAND ON THE MOON."
The 363-foot tall Apollo Saturn V space vehicle is leaving the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) for Pad A, Launch Complex 39, Kennedy Space Center (KSC) Florida. The Saturn V stack and its mobile launch tower are atop a crawler-transporter. The “stack” and the VAB are reflected in the turning basin.
[Apollo15 - ed]
April 11, 1970 marked the start of the ill-fated Apollo 13 mission. The mission to land and work on the moon was a failure due to the explosion aboard the spacecraft. However, the teamwork and leadership exhibited by the astronauts and the team working in mission control was a phenomenal success. When teams work together, everything is possible. The successful return of the crew is still taught and studied as a textbook example of leadership and working together.
Enjoy the video of the launch of the Saturn V to start the mission.
And now we have the Apollo 8 launch. These were the first guys outside the Low Earth Orbit, flying right by the Moon. You can see the stage separation from outside, this time from the better angle and in color. Dem J-2 cluster though...
The S-Ic was running on RP-1 (airplane fuel)/liquid oxygen mixture, thus the orange bright flame. S-II on the other hand used liquid hydrogen/liquid oxygen mixture, which means the exhaust (water vapor) is invisible.
Around 1:28 you can see the vapor cone around the front of S-II, which appeared when the rocket was passing through the sound bareer, and disappeared shortly after.
After stage separation you can see that first stage engines are still glowing orange. The center engine however isn’t - is was shut down thirty seconds before (around 2:40) to avoid oscillations.
At the end of the video you can see the interstage separating, which was done to reduce the spacecraft's mass.
And this time a S-Ic S-II separation from the FREAKING APOLLO 11! The same rocket that put men on the Moon! This time from the external perspective (also known as “staying on the ground, NOT GOING TO THE FREAKING MOON!”).
As before, expect fanboying and trivia below.
You can see the first stage (S-Ic) cutoff, as a sudden decrease in the size of the exhaust plume. At that time, only four outboard engines were firing, the center one was shut down as expected, to prevent pogo oscillations (oscillations + rockets != good_things)
The big explosion was just the stage separation. Using explosives to separate huge stacks of explosives. Surprisingly a good idea.
Even though the S-Ic engines were already shut down, they still produced some leftover exhaust, which you can easily see
I think a lot of us know this beautiful video from Apollo 4 unmanned launch.
A lot of nerding, rocket stuff, trivia and technical info below:
Some of you may wonder: “Why am i not seeing the rocket exhaust?” or “When the second stage will fire?”. The answer is: They already are firing, since just after separation. S-II (the second stage), unlike first one is fueled by the liquid oxygen-liquid hydrogen mixture, which is invisible when burning. This is also (in)visible on Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSMEs). What you can see, is the high temperature heating up and burning the the S-Ic and the interstage.
The S-Ic (first stage) and S-II (second stage) separated in a somewhat unusual fashion. Usually an interstage (the part holding stages together) is separated with a lower stage. In Saturn V however the second stage engines occupy so much space, that a “direct” separation could have destroyed S-II engines, so the interstage was separated a few seconds after the first stage to avoid that scenario.
The first, bright fire was a shaped charge (an explsive) used to break split the rocket in two. How else do you think you could separate a thing THAT big, THAT quickly?
The cameras were then dropped from the rocket (as seen at the end of the video) and picked up from the ocean.