Anyway I Had A Really Stupid Idea, Tag Me If You End Up Making A Character/illustration Using This!

guys… I don’t know if you know this but… if you wake up early… there’s so many more hours in the day

Antimicrobial Agents - Inhibition of DNA and Protein Synthesis

Bacterial chromosome replication

DNA replication

Bacterial Topoisomerases 

maintain DNA in appropriate state of supercoiling 

cut and reseal DNA

DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) introduces negative supercoils 

Topoisomerase IV decatenates circular chromosomes 

these are the targets of the quinolone antibacterial agents 

Quinolones

bind to bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV after DNA strand breakage 

prevent resealing of DNA 

disrupt DNA replication and repair 

bactericidal (kill bacteria)

Fluoroquinolone is particularly useful against

Gram +ves: Staphylococcus aureus, streptococci 

Gram -ves: Enterobacteriacea; Pseudomonas aeruginosa 

Anaerobes: e.g. Bacteroides fragilis 

many applications e.g. UTIs, prostatitis, gastroenteritis, STIs 

Adverse effects

Relatively well tolerated

GI upset in ~ 5% of patients 

allergic reactions (rash, photosensitivity) in 1 - 2% of patients 

Inhibition of Bacterial Protein Synthesis 

Macrolides 

in 1952: Erythromycin was isolated as the first macrolide (Streptomyces erythreus) 

Newer macrolides: clarithromycin, azithromycin 

Structurally they consist of a lactone ring (14- to 16-membered) + two attached deoxy sugars 

Mode of action 

bind reversibly to bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit 

causes growing peptide chain to dissociate from ribosome → inhibiting protein synthesis 

bacteriostatic (stops reproduction)

Macrolides’ spectrum of activity

good antistaphylococcal and antistreptococcal activity 

treatment of respiratory & soft tissue infections and sensitive intracellular pathogens • e.g. Chlamydia, Legionella 

Adverse effects

Generally well tolerated

nausea 

vomiting 

diarrhoea 

rash 

Aminoglycosides

large family of antibiotics produced by various species of Streptomyces (“mycin”) and Micromonospora (“micin”) 

include: streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, gentamicins, tobramycin 

Structure = linked ring system composed of aminosugars and an aminosubstituted cyclic polyalcohol 

Mode of action of aminoglycosides

Bind irreversibly to 30S ribosomal subunit 

disrupt elongation of nascent peptide chain 

translational inaccuracy → defective proteins 

bactericidal 

Spectrum of activity 

broad spectrum; mainly aerobic G-ve bacilli (e.g. P. aeruginosa) 

used to treat serious nosocomial infections (hospital acquired infections)

First TB antibiotic

Used for cystic fibrosis 

Adverse effects

all aminoglycosides have low Therapeutic Index (only a small amount needed to become toxic)

renal damage, ototoxicity, loss of balance, nausea 

Lmao what did Ariana do that means she needs to get booed at Manchester?

google is free and this article does a good job of explaining but because i dont want anyone to continue to give this girl money for being shit person, here we go.

besides being a cishet white woman HEADING a PRIDE EVENT (Which is something i shouldnt need to explain why its bad.. pride is by and for lgbt people and should not be HEADLINING a cishet.) 

Racism

this is her like 5 years ago vs her now. she is a white girl wearing blackface.  and before you go “thats not blackface! thats just a tan!!!” 

this is her on stage next to nicki minaj, a black woman. she is darker than nicki minaj. this is what a tan looks like

a tan is supposed to give you a more golden sun touched look, NOT MAKE YOU LOOK LIKE A DIFFERENT RACE! (also tan is a golden/yellow brown, not a deep brown… this is not an accident)

her hair, by the way, is in fact exensions. again, making her hair thicker and darker in order to pass as a poc… she steals from black musicians too… like its not news that white people steal culture from poc then market it as a new trend but… she really takes it to a whole new level and acts as if her new look is some fucking brand she made. 

remember shen she got a tattoo for 7 rings but didnt finish it and said “oh thats just fine :)” ? 

transmisogyny

in her video “thank you next” she has a man in a dress stereotype for a trans girl, then painted said person as desperate for a date.  this is a transmisogynist caracature. she is a cishet girl. this is transphobic. end of discussion.

homophobia

shouldnt have to explain why a het girl using sexualized lesbians that look like they came out of a porno for men in a music video for views isnt ok.

etc

she ignores when everyone first tried to tell her NICELY that what she was doing is wrong but as soon as people got less than kind about it, got all guilt trippy like a 3 yr old and went “why cant we just all get along its so sd to see people hating like this :(((((( be nice :(( “ 

she is friends with Pierce Morgan (known facist) and is QUITE PUBLIC ABOUT THIS, she constantly preaches the “we should just sit down and talk to people who are flaming bigots. their bigotry is just a difference of opinions ❤️❤️❤️” which is propaganda created by, surprise, the very bigots it refers to. if we dont fight or get upset then they can continue to be horrible people without consequence. 

she is now INSISTING on headlining pride, and i have seen more homophobic people than i can count say theyre going to buy tickets to pride just to see her. let me repeat that. homophobes are going to pride to see a homophobic artist. this is disgusting. this puts every gay and trans person there in danger. actually, it puts everyone there in danger because it is a pride event and any homophobes will see you there and assume youre gay anyhow so! 

tldr: ariana grande is a racist, transphobic, homophobic white girl parading around in blackface and appropriates black, latino, and asian cultures for $$$ and uses lgbt people for views.

Forgot I made these quick refs once!! It’s not that you should feel obligated to portray every part of an animal correctly, but in some cases these are very unique, interesting features that very few artists are ever utilizing creatively!

Me, thinking about high school:

“If we break up, I want closure. None of this bitter high school mentality that usually follows after someone leaves. I want a long talk about what went wrong, why we couldn’t fix it, and how we’ll move on afterward. I want to know how I made you feel and what thought-process led you to the decision that you’re making. Because if I spent a fraction of my life devoted to loving you, you can’t expect me to let you go without any explanation as to why you’re going in the first place. If I love you, there will always be a piece of me that loves you. So let’s talk it through and forgive each other, neither of us are perfect and we’re both still learning how to love. And that’s okay, it is. But instead of seeing each other the next day and awkwardly pretending we weren’t ever anything at all, let’s forgive each other now and move on. Make peace.”

— Car thoughts #150

so I got into grad school today with my shitty 2.8 gpa and the moral of the story is reblog those good luck posts for the love of god

becoming an adult cheat sheet!!!

learn how to coupon

how to get free therapy

clean bathroom tips

what to do when you can’t pay your bills

learn time management skillz

recipes that take 30 minutes or less

see if you’re paying too much for your cell phone bill

create a resume

how to make a doctor’s appointment

organize your closet

find the right career

a list of stress relievers

how to pick a major

how to take care of yourself when you’re sick

things to bring to a doctor’s appointment

what the hell is a mortgage?

buying a used car

how to pick a health insurance plan

read the news

leave your childhood traumas behind

how to quit smoking

a list of hotlines in a crisis

what to expect from your first gynecologist appointment

what to do if you get pulled over by a cop

things to keep in your car in case of an emergency

Antimicrobial Agents  - Cell wall inhibitors

Based on mode of action • divided into families based on chemical structure

 Modes of action Interference with: 

cell wall synthesis 

protein synthesis 

nucleic acid synthesis 

plasma membrane integrity 

metabolic pathway 

Inhibitors of Bacterial Cell Wall (peptidoglycan) Synthesis 

The Beta-lactam Family 

The Glycopeptides 

Peptidoglycan is composed of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) repeat units, and amino acids.  Each NAM is linked to peptide chain and the peptide chains are cross-linked.

β-lactams 

Includes penicillin derivatives (penams), cephalosporins (cephems), monobactams, and carbapenems.

class of broad-spectrum antibiotics containing a β-lactam ring

Bacterial transpeptidase enzymes are responsible for catalysing cross-linking of the peptide chains

β-lactam ring bind to these transpeptidases – this inhibits cross-linking between peptide chains and prevents synthesis of stable PG

Cell wall synthesis ceases and the bacterial cells eventually die due to osmotic instability or autolysis. 

Glycopeptides 

Polypeptide agents - basic structural elements amino acids 

Vancomycin: 

complexes with peptide portion of peptidoglycan’s precursor units 

vancomycin is a large hydrophilic molecule able to form hydrogen bonds with the terminal D-alanyl-D-alanine moieties of the NAM/NAG-peptides

preventing PG transglycosylation reaction – PG precursor subunits (NAG-NAM+peptide) cannot be inserted into peptidoglycan matrix;

Vancomycin also alters bacterial-cell-membrane permeability and RNA synthesis

Uses:  serious Gram positive infections e.g. MRSA wound infection

Adverse effects:

damage to auditory nerve 

hearing loss (ototoxicity) 

“Red man/neck” syndrome - rash on face, neck, upper torso 

Pregnancy - physiology

Hormones

hCG - human chorionic gonadotropin - present in blood and urine, produced by blastocyst and placenta

Low levels of hCG could mean miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, miscalculation of dates

High levels = molar pregnancy (cells that normally form a baby dysfunction and form cysts instead), multiple pregnancy (twins etc), miscalculation of dates

Progesterone increases fat deposition in early weeks and stimulates appetite

Increased oestrogen from corpus luteum promotes mammary gland development (breasts enlarge)

And inhibits ovulation via negative feedback [OES decreases GnRH release by hypothalamus –> linhibition of FHS and LH –> no ovulation]

Relaxin (secreted by corpus luteum) softens connective tissue in preparation for labour - not specific, all joints can be affected

Peaks in early and late pregnancy

Physical changes

Blood pressure

As early as 4 weeks into pregnancy 

plasma volume increase

caused by the affects of oestrogen and progesterone on the kidneys

OES and Prg cause vasodilation 

less resistance = less pressure

Heart rate increases by 25% to compensate

stroke volume increases 

increased overall cardiac output by 50% in third trimester

Direct action of enlarged uterus:

compresses the descending aorta and inferior vena cava 

decreased venous return - less blood in means less blood out, less blood in ventricle –> reduced pressure on walls –> reduced force to exit –> reduced placental perfusion

increased aortic pressure

increased heart rate

[shouldn’t sleep on back for this reason]

Outcomes:

Fall in blood pressure (can cause collapse if serious)

Can cause foetal hypoxia even without mother symptoms

Haematological changes

red cell mass increase by 20% (renal - increased erythropoietin production in response to detection of blood oxygenation and sodium/water balance)

Plasma volume increases more than RBC count does, causing the impression of decreased haemoglobin (anaemia)

Increased tendency to clot (hypercoagulable)

due to increase in clotting factors and plasma fibrinogen

platelet production increase (however count drops due to increase in activity and consumption) - function remains normal]

WBC count may increase due to an increase in granulocytes

Respiratory changes

Increased chest diameter, diaphragmatic expression and elevation

dyspnoea common (difficulty breathing)

breathing becomes more costal (mouth) than abdominal 

mainly mediated by progesterone levels (cause bronchial and smooth muscle relaxation and hypersensitivity to CO2)

Changes to the urinary system

cardiac output increase –> increase in renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration

increase in urea, creatinine, urate and biocarbonate clearance 

with progesterone, renin and aldosterone up water retention increases

can lead to urinary stasis and increased risk of UTI

Any drugs given that are excreted renally must be given in much higher quantities consequently

Gastrointestinal changes

Appetite increase + cravings 

Gastric reflux sphincter relaxation (increased indigestion, also due to increased intra-gastric pressure (expanding uterus)) 

gallbladder dilated 

GI motility decreased and transit time slower 

albumin and protein decrease 

cholesterol twice normal value

Muskuloskeletal 

Calcium reuptake into bloodstream results in mild decalcification of bones 

relaxin softens joints (pubic symphysis + alters gait (waddling))

abdominal muscles stretch to elastic limit 

stretch marks (stria gravidarum) caused by rupture of elastic fibres and small blood vessels 

Reproductive changes

Massive increase in mass

Placenta growth (nutrition, excretion, immunity, endocrine) 

Parental blood supply