"[A theme of sacrifice can] be found in folk traditions relating to the scarecrow as the spirit of the harvest or corn king. In several English counties the scarecrow was known as a mawkin, an old dialect name for a ghost or ghoul. In Yorkshire, Warwickshire and Devon it was called a mummet or mommet meaning a spirit that walks at night. In Old Cornish a bucca can refer to a scarecrow, ghost or goblin and in northern England and Scotland it was known as a tatty-bogle. Tatty means potato and bogle is derived from bogey meaning any evil spirit or malicious faery, hence the bogeyman used to scare naughty children.
In Shakespeare's play The Merry Wives of Windsor the scarecrow is called a Jackalent or Jack of Lent. This refers to the old and rather curious custom of pelting any stranger visiting the area with sticks and stones. By the 19th century a puppet or scarecrow had replaced a human victim. It was beaten with sticks in a folk ritual to increase the fertility of the fields and ensure there was a good harvest. Originally the mawkin was the name for a bundle of rags on a stick used to clean out bakery ovens. After use it was placed in the fields to symbolically promote the growth of the grain used to bake the bread. When it was windy the rags fluttered in the breeze and were seen to scare off crows and other birds attacking the new crops.
Sometimes in the old days a man desperate for any work was hired to be a human scarecrow and stand all day in the field warding off the birds. Some folklorists trace this custom and indeed the origin of the scarecrow back to human sacrifices in pagan times to protect the crops and livestock from disease and bring a fertile harvest. In this respect it could be a more socially acceptable and civilised substitute for the divine king ritually murdered so his blood fertilised the land.
Dr Jacqueline Simpson of the Folklore Society believes the scarecrow may have originated in the ugly or aggressive effigies once placed in the fields to drive away evil spirits. She has linked them to the puppets in European folk customs that were destroyed in spring fertility rites as symbolic representations of winter and death. After the coming of Christianity, farmers in Brittany in northern France placed a life-sized wooden image of the crucified Jesus in the fields instead of these puppets, as they believed it would produce a good harvest.
Everywhere in folklore there is evidence of the association of scarecrows with the supernatural, ghosts and the spirits of the dead. In North America there was a folk belief that scarecrows came alive on the night of Hallowe'en (October 31st) and roamed the countryside. The popular American author Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote a short story based on this belief, which was common knowledge in his home village of Salem, famous for its witch-trials. In the story, which is similar to the Italian fairy tale of Pinocchio, an old witch called Mother Rigby made a scarecrow from a broomstick and used a spell and a tune played on a pipe to bring it alive."
Chapter 9: 'Michaelmas'
by Michael Howard
Werewolf History Project: Prehistory-
First part of a project looking at the history of werewolves and werewolf myths! Starting with early prehistory and the emergence of stories, especially the advent of animal/human figures.
By staff, stone, flame, and bone! đ
When I first got into paganism and witchcraft, I did what I think a lot of people do and took a very hard turn in to âfuck Christianity!â The literature and discourse of the early and mid 2000âČs didn't help this mindset either. There was a lot of talk about how Wicca (I was an eclectic wiccan at the time) was the survival of an ancient pre-Christian religion and that Christianity stole its practices, holidays, and pretty much everything else, from paganism.
Needless to say my religious baggage went unpacked for YEARS?
That was until i left my more Wicca-inspired practice and found âtraditional witchcraftâ. In these spaces i found something that i had been lead to believe was impossible: Witchcraft and Christianity coexisting. Not only coexisting, but a style of witchcraft created by almost biblical teachings on their heads and pulling out the magic. Lucifer and Azaezel being sources of witch-power, Cain being the first Sorcerer, the witchâs horned one as the Devil! Seeing the witch-trials as not simply a tragedy, but pulling wisdom and magic from the confessions. All of this was new and exciting!
Beginning my research into this amazing new avenue was the first step in healing my heart and soul from the hitherto ignored scars left by my time in the Church. The more I walked this strange and crooked path, the more I found value in heresy. Calling to the Man in Black at a crossroads, flying from my body to the Witchâs Sabbath, reciting the Lordâs Prayer backwards. All of these were powerful in ways I never thought they could be. I laughed at myself. If you had told me at 18 that in 5 years id be dancing with the Devil, I would have raged about there being no Devil in the Craft. While I understand now why the 90s-2000s were so âanti-devilâ and âlove and lightâ Iâm glad that we can now look at witchcraft and its history with a more nuanced lens.
Now in some ways I've come full circle. I am not a Christian, and I don't think i ever will be, but I pray to saints, I have a growing interest in Mary, I use psalms and bible verses in my spell work, i craft rosaries as a devotional act to the spirits I serve and honour. My patron goddess has even started to come to me with Marian imagery and titles.
In Fayerie Traditionalism/Fayerism weâre encouraged (sometimes outright told) to avoid and expunge all Abrahamism from our lives and certainly from our Sorcery. Weâre told that there is no magic or value in Abrahamic traditions. This has been my biggest hurdle with this path. For me, i find so much power in using folk magic that would be deemed âwitchcraftâ by the Church, regardless of how much scripture is in it. I think to continue this idea of âthere's no place for Christianity in witchcraftâ does such a disservice to the history of witchcraft in Europe and the US. So many practices would not exist if our ancestors had not learned to synchronize and hide in plain site. Iâm not calling on God when I use a psalm to heal, I'm speaking words of power that have been spoken for centuries by other healers and workers. When I pray the rosary, I do it to honor my ancestors who found comfort in it.Â
For me, the catholic folk magic and heretical aesthetics do not deter me from path of Fayerie Traditionalism, it is simply another avenue to the same goal. The spirits of this tradition have not shown any ill-will to how I work. Gwynn still comes when I call him âDevilâ or âMasterâ and Gwynnevar herself told me to call her âOur Lady Down Belowâ or âOur Lady of the Mound/Hillâ Taking back my power from Christianity and seeing the Wisdom in its heresy has made me a better person and a stronger sorcerer. I have not lost my faith in the Fayerie People but have come closer to them.Â
All this is to say:
Be free
Be powerful
Be a Heretic
Nema
The book says that these are talismans that are meant to be re drawn on paper and carried with you to give the you these abilities.
The Book of Oberon
TIL that Aleister Crowley literally told people that he was the Beast from Revelations and all I could think about is how easily I could picture him as a controversial youtuber/tiktokker.
âYou are reborn with the roses, in every spring.â
â Juan RamĂłn JimĂ©nez, from The Selected Writings; âLove,â wr. c. 1911Â
Iâve recently started coming to the realisation that, well that I donât think âwitchâ really fits me anymore. This isnât to say that I still donât practice witchcraft or that it would be wrong to call me a witch, but more that my personal craft has developed in way that makes me question if itâs a moniker that still fits me.
Over the past several years, my craft has been moving more and more into the realm of charms and cures. I craft simple charms for people to gain luck and love. I walk folks through the processes of pulling off stagnant energy and uncrossing work. I still get requests to cleanse and bless homes. Owning a home and land for the past year has pushed me even more into the role of âvillage witchâ Iâve started learning the language of my land, looking at potential plant and animal allies around me.
I think the two biggest influences for this change are my joining Fayerie Traditionalism/Fayerism and my study of folk magic
Fayerism focuses on spiritual ecology and the harmonious relationship between the Seen and Unseen worlds. Folk magic (as a magic of the people) is all about domestic life of the individual and the community.
All this is just a round about way of saying that I feel as if Iâm growing into more of a âcunning womanâ than a witch. My arte focuses on healing ailments (alongside modern medicine of course), attracting prosperity, and blessing those around me. I use my craft to help those around me whenever I and however I can, whether they be human or other-than-human persons.
And to be honest Iâve been moving away from the âwitchâ title for a while, although privately. Testing different mantles to find something that fit, sticking with âsorcerer/sorceressâ for the most part. It wasnât until last night that it stuck me how much like the cunning folk of Europe Iâve become.
I wonât correct any that call me âwitchâ, for as I said, I still practice witchcraft alongside other forms of magic. Iâll still be using the hashtag to appease the algorithms and Iâll still promote my services as a witch, but I think Iâm going to start referring to myself as a âcunning womanâ and see how that feels. I might even look into regional variants of the profession and see if the French had a localised term for the âcunning person/folk healer/white witchâ as a nod to my ancestry
{Barn Owls in The Oak} by {Mike Rae}
What do you think of Joyofsatan.org? They claim to follow the Sumerian God Enki-Satan, theyâre pro-choice, they follow gay Pagan Gods and theyâre the largest Satanist group in the world.
Well Iâd never heard of them before now. I just did a quick look at their website and although they swear that Satanism isnât a reaction to Christianity (which I disagree with because look at Anton LaVey) their homepage is just paragraphs of how âJudeo/Christianityâ (those are two separate religions but okay) is evil and terrible and the source of everything wrong with the world. Just seems like theyâre trying too hard. I also really disagree with their stance on Satanism being the oldest/truest religion in the world. It looks like theyâre just slapping satanic aesthetics/concepts onto older religions and claiming it as truth which just historically isnât the case.
Again this is all just initial reactions to their homepage, I know nothing about them on a deeper level and hadnt heard of them before today so take all that with a grain of salt I guess.
Your Sight shall be in my Sight
in whose name you rest here
I will not disturb you
but hoped that you
in the name of peace may sleep
so that I may see the Hidden
and see its power
hear in celebration
and help in need.
Could you
O Holy Ghost
give to me of your power
In the name of the Holy Crucified One
Amen.
â From The Graveyard Wanderersâ The Wise Ones And The Dead In Sweden by Thomas Johnson
These words were uttered as their speaker crossed themselves over a gravestone in a churchyard. When the speaker had finished the invocation, they then made the sign of the cross over each of their eyelids, three times. To the Klokâ âThe Wise Onesâ, the folk healers and magicians of Scandinaviaâ graveyards, burial mounds, old execution sites and other such areas where the spirits of the dead dwelt were sacred places. In Sweden, these individuals were known as KyrkogĂ„rdsgĂ„ngare, or Graveyard Walker. The term is related to gengĂ„ngare, which in Swedish means âthose who walk againâ. The word can be translated as âghostâ, but their form is entirely corporeal; not see-through or specter-like as phantoms in the Anglosphere tend to be.
The dead serviced the Graveyard Walkers in many ways. One could summon the spirits of the departed and ask for their service in everything from revealing secrets and hidden knowledge to obtaining lottery numbers. Or, a Graveyard Walker could utilize the dead in a more tangible fashion: both the left collar bone of an elderly man and the left ring finger of a corpse were considered to be among the best amulets for protection. (However, before the Wise One left the earthly plane, they must of course return the borrowed bone back to its original resting place.) Everything, right down to the very soil of the graveyard, was used: from rubbing Graveyard dirt on the skin to cure rashes, to drinking it in a slurry to restore a loss of appetite.
But how did one become a Graveyard Walker and a Wise One? There is the aforementioned invocation of course, but there was also the ancient practice of Uttesittning. Uttesittning is a ritual where one meditates in nature from sunset to sunrise, opening the soul and merging with the world of the spirits. There is one legend where one would go to a churchyard or any other places affiliated with burial or the dead for three consecutive Thursday nights to perform an Uttesittning ritual (Thursdays were important, as they were sacred to the old god Thor). On the third and final Thursday, a dark man might perhaps appear and reward the one performing this ritual with a gift. There are some stories that claim that the gift was a Book of Black Artsâ a Svarteboken, or âblack bookâ, also known as a Cyprianus (named after St. Cyprian). It was said these Black Arts Books would be written in blood, or written on black pages with white ink. A Wise One would keep all their spells in such books, which contained everything from Kabbalist literature to farm and home recipes.
The Wise Ones and Graveyard Walkers are endlessly fascinating to me, as well as folk magic in general. I hope to create many more artworks inspired by this topic, and I hope that Iâve piqued your interest in it as well!
For more books on this subject:
GÄrdbÀck, Johannesburg Björn. Trolldom: Spells and Methods of the Norse Folk Magic Tradition. The Ironwode Institution for the Preservation and Popularization of Indigenous Ethnomagicology (YIPPIE), 2015.
Johnson, Thomas. The Graveyard Wanderers â The Wise Ones and the Dead in Sweden. Society of Esoteric Endeavor, 2013.
Sibley, J.T. The Way of the Wise. XLIBRIS, 2013.
A special thanks to my friend Eli, for all your insight into Swedish folklore and folk magic!