What Is Gravitational Lensing?

What is Gravitational Lensing?

A gravitational lens is a distribution of matter (such as a cluster of galaxies) between a distant light source and an observer, that is capable of bending the light from the source as the light travels towards the observer. This effect is known as gravitational lensing, and the amount of bending is one of the predictions of Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity.

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This illustration shows how gravitational lensing works. The gravity of a large galaxy cluster is so strong, it bends, brightens and distorts the light of distant galaxies behind it. The scale has been greatly exaggerated; in reality, the distant galaxy is much further away and much smaller. Credit: NASA, ESA, L. Calcada

There are three classes of gravitational lensing:

1° Strong lensing: where there are easily visible distortions such as the formation of Einstein rings, arcs, and multiple images.

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Einstein ring. credit: NASA/ESA&Hubble

2° Weak lensing: where the distortions of background sources are much smaller and can only be detected by analyzing large numbers of sources in a statistical way to find coherent distortions of only a few percent. The lensing shows up statistically as a preferred stretching of the background objects perpendicular to the direction to the centre of the lens. By measuring the shapes and orientations of large numbers of distant galaxies, their orientations can be averaged to measure the shear of the lensing field in any region. This, in turn, can be used to reconstruct the mass distribution in the area: in particular, the background distribution of dark matter can be reconstructed. Since galaxies are intrinsically elliptical and the weak gravitational lensing signal is small, a very large number of galaxies must be used in these surveys.

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The effects of foreground galaxy cluster mass on background galaxy shapes. The upper left panel shows (projected onto the plane of the sky) the shapes of cluster members (in yellow) and background galaxies (in white), ignoring the effects of weak lensing. The lower right panel shows this same scenario, but includes the effects of lensing. The middle panel shows a 3-d representation of the positions of cluster and source galaxies, relative to the observer. Note that the background galaxies appear stretched tangentially around the cluster.

3° Microlensing: where no distortion in shape can be seen but the amount of light received from a background object changes in time. The lensing object may be stars in the Milky Way in one typical case, with the background source being stars in a remote galaxy, or, in another case, an even more distant quasar. The effect is small, such that (in the case of strong lensing) even a galaxy with a mass more than 100 billion times that of the Sun will produce multiple images separated by only a few arcseconds. Galaxy clusters can produce separations of several arcminutes. In both cases the galaxies and sources are quite distant, many hundreds of megaparsecs away from our Galaxy.

Gravitational lenses act equally on all kinds of electromagnetic radiation, not just visible light. Weak lensing effects are being studied for the cosmic microwave background as well as galaxy surveys. Strong lenses have been observed in radio and x-ray regimes as well. If a strong lens produces multiple images, there will be a relative time delay between two paths: that is, in one image the lensed object will be observed before the other image.

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As an exoplanet passes in front of a more distant star, its gravity causes the trajectory of the starlight to bend, and in some cases results in a brief brightening of the background star as seen by a telescope. The artistic concept illustrates this effect. This phenomenon of gravitational microlensing enables scientists to search for exoplanets that are too distant and dark to detect any other way.Credits: NASA Ames/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle

Explanation in terms of space–time curvature

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Simulated gravitational lensing by black hole by: Earther

In general relativity, light follows the curvature of spacetime, hence when light passes around a massive object, it is bent. This means that the light from an object on the other side will be bent towards an observer’s eye, just like an ordinary lens. In General Relativity the speed of light depends on the gravitational potential (aka the metric) and this bending can be viewed as a consequence of the light traveling along a gradient in light speed. Light rays are the boundary between the future, the spacelike, and the past regions. The gravitational attraction can be viewed as the motion of undisturbed objects in a background curved geometry or alternatively as the response of objects to a force in a flat geometry.

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A galaxy perfectly aligned with a supernova (supernova PS1-10afx) acts as a cosmic magnifying glass, making it appear 100 billion times more dazzling than our Sun. Image credit: Anupreeta More/Kavli IPMU.

To learn more, click here. 

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Fonte:

http://www.eso.org/public/brazil/images/potw1610a/

çõe@i�(l�

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Fotografar um buraco negro, é possível? Óbvio que fotografar o interior de um buraco negro, ou o que acontece além do horizonte de eventos, é algo impossível, pois a partir do horizonte de eventos, nada consegue escapar, nem mesmo a luz.

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E será que isso é possível? Não só é possível, como está pronto para operar.

A iniciativa se chama Event Horizon Telescope, ou Telescópio do horizonte de Eventos.

O objetivo é integrar os grandes radiotelescópios do mundo, e a através de uma técnica chamada de interferometria e assim conseguir observar o horizonte de eventos do buraco negro supermassivo no centro da Via Láctea.

Para quem não sabe, o buraco negro central da Via Láctea, se chama Sagitarius A*, está localizado a cerca de 26 mil anos-luz de distância da Terra, e obviamente nunca foi observado.

O que se tem são indícios de sua existência devido a observação das estrelas ao redor se movimentando de forma muito rápida, o que sugere um objeto extremamente denso no centro.

O seu horizonte de eventos tem cerca de 20 milhões de km, parece muito, mas na distância que ele está não é nada, é só mesmo, um telescópio do tamanho da Terra é capaz de observar.

O EHT usa uma técnica chamada de VLBI (Very Long baseline array interferometry).

Na verdade a técnica consiste em combinar o poder das maiores antenas de rádio telecópios do mundo todos olhando para um mesmo alvo ao mesmo tempo.

Com a recente adição do ALMA ao EHT sua sensibilidade foi extremamente melhorada.

além dos instrumentos, o local onde ficarão armazenados os dados já está pronto esperando a quantidade enorme de informação. A capacidade de armazenamento é equivalente a de 10000 laptops tradicionais.

Além de tudo isso, obviamente o algoritmo que irá fazer a análise dos dados já está bem desenvolvido.

E para ter uma certeza no sucesso do experimento, simulações já foram rodadas levando em consideração as equações de Einstein.

E o efeito que os astrônomos esperam observar é a sombra do buraco negro na matéria subjacente e quando essa sombra acontecer, o horizonte de eventos se tornará proeminente.

Agora a pergunta que não quer parar? Quando teremos essa imagem?

Os astrônomos pretendem fazer a campanha de observação entre 5 e 14 de Abril de 2017, mas devido à complexidade das análises, provavelmente a primeira imagem só fique pronta em 2018, ah, e só para lembrar não tem nada da NASA nisso.

Além obviamente de fazer a imagem do horizonte de eventos, que será algo extraordinário, esse experimento poderá provar mais uma vez a teoria da relatividade de Albert Einstein. Muitos efeitos só provados teoricamente poderão ser testados nessa observação.

E não existe melhor lugar para testar a teoria da relatividade do que o ambiente extremo nas vizinhanças de um buraco negro.

Será que esse ano conseguiremos esse fato extraordinário? vamos aguardar e estarei aqui anunciando para vocês as novidades.

(via https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFRk-1yq86Y)

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carlosalberthreis - Carlos Alberth Reis
Carlos Alberth Reis

1994.4.26 • Parintins, Amazonas, Brasil

191 posts

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